Eminem - Kamikaze

About Kamikaze by Eminem Album

Kamikaze (stylized as KAMIKAZƎ) is the tenth studio album by American rapper Eminem, released on August 31, 2018, through Aftermath Entertainment, Shady Records, and Interscope Records, and without prior announcement. The album features guest appearances from Joyner Lucas, Royce da 5'9", Jessie Reyez, and uncredited vocals by Justin Vernon. Eminem, credited as Slim Shady, and Dr. Dre served as executive producers, while production for individual tracks comes from a variety of musicians. Following the polarizing reception of his previous album, Revival, music journalists debated over whether the rapper's relevance and ability were waning. In response to the criticism, Eminem released a remix of the song "Chloraseptic" in January 2018 with 2 Chainz and Phresher. Kamikaze represents a continuation of this response, containing various insults against critics and rappers alike. The artwork is an homage to Beastie Boys' debut album, Licensed to Ill. Kamikaze received generally mixed reviews from critics. Some praised it as an improvement over the rapper's previous album and a welcome return to the sound of his earlier, more aggressive material, while others criticized its lack of adaption to the current sound of hip-hop and, as a result, found it outdated. The album also generated some controversy for its diss tracks about various artists, as well as spurring accusations of homophobia. The album was promoted with three singles: "Fall", "Venom", from the 2018 movie of the same name, and "Lucky You", and a music video for "Good Guy", along with a supporting tour. Commercially, the album reached number one in 18 countries, becoming Eminem's ninth consecutive number-one album in the United States, and later becoming the best-selling hip-hop album of 2018. It later received platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Recording and release On January 8, 2018, Eminem unexpectedly released a remix to his Revival song, "Chloraseptic", featuring 2 Chainz and Phresher. In the song, Eminem mocked critics of Revival, concluding "I just added to the fuel in my rocket pack, till I'm ready to respond then I'ma launch it at 'em... I'll be back..." On January 22, 2018, photos revealed Mike Will Made-It in the studio with Eminem and Dr. Dre. During the Revival sessions, S1 tried to work with Eminem but he refused; the producer kept sending him beats to use on future tracks that the rapper incorporated into Kamikaze songs. The afternoon before Kamikaze's release, Eminem posted a 15-second teaser of a new song on social media, featuring the logo for the superhero film Venom, without comment. On August 31, 2018, he released the album to digital music stores and streaming services without any promotion or pre-announcement, unlike the extensive marketing done for Revival; he would repeat the strategy with 2020's Music to Be Murdered By. Billboard credits the success of the surprise release to Beyoncé's self-titled fifth studio album released in December 2013 without any promotion or pre-announcement, which was a critical and commercial success, ultimately changing the global release day for music from Tuesday to Friday. The album was sold on his website in several formats, including bundled with merchandise such as apparel. Eminem used social media services such as Instagram and Twitter to announce the release and relied on extensive feedback from diss tracks and Internet hype to spread the word about the album. Several weeks after the album's release and subsequent commercial success, Eminem took out a full-page ad in The Hollywood Reporter mocking negative reviews of Kamikaze, including The Hollywood Reporter's review itself. Although he had no marketing prior to the debut, Eminem had previously debuted freestyle rap "The Storm" at the 2017 BET Hip Hop Awards using similar lyrics to the eventual title track and he directly referred to his experience performing it on "The Ringer". He debuted a clothing line featuring "The Kamikaze" t-shirt the month prior. Producer Illa da Producer sees the album as similar to The Slim Shady LP in terms of its ferocity, rather than the subdued Revival. American singer Justin Vernon of Bon Iver, whose vocals were uncredited on the song "Fall", disavowed his participation in the album, claiming that he was not in the studio when the recording was made. A music video for "Fall" was released on September 4, 2018, addressing criticism of Revival. The music video was directed by James Larese, who previously directed the music videos of "Framed" and "Caterpillar". A second video was released for "Lucky You" on September 13, 2018, followed by one for "Venom" on October 5, 2018, as well as one for "Good Guy" on December 7, 2018. Artwork The full album cover, front to back, features fighter pilot LT. Mathers III intentionally crashing an F-86 Sabre fighter jet into an unknown object. The artwork appropriates the cover design of the 1986 Beastie Boys album, Licensed to Ill; Eminem has cited them as an inspiration for several years but did not give the band any prior consultation for the cover homage. Promotion for the album featured the same artwork in full, including the Eminem logo with added Japanese writing, neither of which was included on the album cover design made by Mike Saputo. Promotion for the album track "Venom" featured the logo from the film of the same name. The "E" in "VENOM" was replaced with the "Ǝ" character Eminem frequently uses in his artwork. Critical reception Kamikaze was met with favorable reviews from critics noted at review aggregator Metacritic. This release received a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 16 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave the album 5.6 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus. Album of the Year assessed it as a 58 out of 100, ranking #714 out of 744 albums. Other assessments of the critical consensus have been mixed. Aja Romano of Vox called the album Eminem's best in years, citing a return to the rapper's old-school sound after deviating with Revival. Ed Power of The Daily Telegraph also compared this album to Revival, calling Kamikaze a "high-kicking, low-punching riposte", indicating it is a better release. Similarly, A. D. Amorosi of Variety sees the album as similar to Eminem's earlier work, stating, "his voice hasn't sounded quite so cranky, silly, impassioned or enraged since his early days" and for XXL, Scott Glaysher calls the album a revisit of the Slim Shady persona. For Consequence of Sound, Dedrick Hendrix gave the album a B−, summing up, "As a whole, the album may not be impeccable, but it’s the best he's released since 2010." M. Oliver of PopMatters summed up his review, "Kamikaze is Slim Shady at his midlife best; slightly less deviant, not quite as funny—but revived, nonetheless" and gave the album seven out of 10. Kitty Empire wrote for The Observer that Eminem is in "full rabid underdog mode" at a time when hip hop MCs are more relaxed, giving the album three out of five stars. At HipHopDX, Trent Clark gave the album a 3.9 out of five, contrasting the work with Revival and denying this is a return to form, summing up, "After being faced with nothing to prove as the highest-selling rapper of all-time, Eminem’s found another challenge in perfecting the new style he’s put on display". Writing for Vice, Robert Christgau regarded the album as being "about hip-hop, his truest passion and sole area of undeniable expertise, rather than the larger emotional and political themes of what he conceived as a groundbreaking statement of principle ". In The Atlantic, Spencer Kornhaber addresses both comparisons with Revival and current hip hop stars on Kamikaze stating, "Really, though, Eminem is waging a war over aesthetics, and Kamikaze is a better listen than Revival because its concision confirms Eminem's value as an entertainer... Certainly, it's refreshing that in a genre especially obsessed with statements of dominance, Eminem doesn't disguise his feelings of irrelevance. He does, however, try to claim his influence." He added that the album shows that "Eminem is great at what he does." For Uproxx, Aaron Williams also praised the rapper's technical abilities and pointed out the function of engaging with his critics that this music performs. In a more critical review, Stephen Kearse of Rolling Stone gave the album 2.5 out of five stars, situating Eminem in contemporary hip hop by writing, "Eminem has no insights or ideas about the state of rap, nor does he have meaningful thoughts about his place within the genre. He probably doesn’t even have a Spotify account. He raps only for the sheer thrill of hearing himself rap." The Hollywood Reporter's Jonny Coleman considered the album an "epic fail" and described it as "the work of an aging artist trying, and failing, to remain relevant by acting out." In Billboard, Charles Holmes said Eminem "tries to stop artistic decline by blaming everyone except himself," and concluded, "Eminem was once a titan of hip-hop, but he never owned it The world and rap might not need Eminem or Slim Shady anymore, but it could do with a little more Marshall." In The New Zealand Herald, Siena Yates praised Eminem for "technically flawless flows and cheeky wordplay" as well as "a thrilling command of cadence" but gave the album three out of five stars because "He's just not saying much and what he is saying smacks of ignorance and someone reaching for relevance in a world he's hellbent on rejecting. It's not fun, informative, challenging or entertaining, it's just a lot of technical skill and angry fist-shaking." The Guardian's Alexis Petridis gave the album three out of five stars and commented on Eminem's generational difference with current hip hop stars, summing up, "...if you're going to listen to a middle-aged white man complain that hip-hop isn't as good as it used to be, that it might as well be Eminem." Exclaim!'s Riley Wallace cited the anger of Eminem's early work, unnecessary homophobia, and the shortcomings of Revival in a middling review of 6/10: "Angry, reactionary Em is nothing new. Though his skill is absolutely unmatched, homophobic references and overly misogynistic bars in 2018 do feel excessively out of touch. It's not his best or his worst—but, it's definitely what fans deserved eight months ago." For Pitchfork, Marc Hogan gave the album five out of 10, writing, " career has become an exhausting feedback loop, and Kamikaze flies straight into that downward spiral", criticizing it as "yet another empty, intermittently tone-deaf onslaught of technical rap prowess and humorless juvenilia from an artist who once controlled the zeitgeist with ease" but praising his technical skills as a rapper and clever lyricist. In NME, Dan Stubbs gave the album three out of five stars, saying that Eminem is out of step with trends in hip-hop by writing, "there's a sense Eminem struggles with the modern world" but stating that "there are plenty of moments... that remind us of Em's greatness". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic also emphasized Eminem's technical ability and lack of inspiration: "As sheer performance, Eminem's vocals remain a thing of wonder, which is why it's so dispiriting to hear him circling the drain, relying on old tricks instead of expanding his worldview. He has the musical skills to mature; he's just refusing to let himself act his age." In Spin, Jesse Fairfax criticized the tenor of the album, writing "Eminem's defensiveness seems to preclude whatever reckoning he could otherwise have with any creative shortcomings that may have led him here". NPR's Rodney Carmichael suggested that the album is a parody writing, " may be going out with a cliché bang on Kamikaze, but he hasn't sounded more like himself in years", summing up his review with the critique, "Kamikaze may not be a success on the surface. But Eminem has inadvertently succeeded at making himself the butt of his biggest joke yet. It's so funny he forgot to laugh." Commercial performance In the United States, Kamikaze opened at number one on the Billboard 200 with 434,000 album-equivalent units, consisting of 252,000 traditional album sales as well as 225 million streams, giving Eminem his largest amount of streams within a week. This put him in the top ten for the highest first-week sales of 2018. It became his ninth consecutive number-one album in the country, tying him with Garth Brooks and The Rolling Stones for fifth-most entries to top the chart, and had the year's fifth-highest first-week sales in the USA. He also topped the Artist 100 chart due to album sales and song streams. The album dropped one place to number two in its second week behind Paul McCartney's Egypt Station, earning an additional 136,000 album-equivalent units. All eleven songs entered the Billboard Hot 100, with "Lucky You" and "The Ringer" reaching numbers six and eight on the chart. He is the fifth artist to debut two songs in its top 10 simultaneously. By October 17, it was the best-selling hip-hop album of the year, and a few days later, it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America with 1 million album-equivalent units in the United States; 415,000 of them being pure sales. The album also entered atop the UK Albums Chart on September 7, with first-week sales of 55,000 album-equivalent units, including 30,000 album-equivalent streams, making Kamikaze the United Kingdom's fifth-most streamed album in an opening week. As a result, Eminem surpassed Led Zeppelin and ABBA for the most consecutive albums to reach the nation's summit, with nine. It was also the top album in Scotland. The following week, the album retained the top spot, with 51% of its consumption coming from streams, and garnered 29,000 units for the third week to stay at number one. It managed to stay atop the charts for four weeks. It was the 10th best-selling album of 2018 in the United Kingdom. It additionally debuted at the top of the ARIA Albums Chart, giving Eminem his ninth number-one album in Australia (where it stayed for four weeks) and on the Canadian Albums Chart, becoming Eminem's 10th number-one album in Canada after debuting with 44,000 album-equivalent units. Other international charts that it topped include Austria, Belgium (Flanders only; it reached third in Wallonia), the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland; it retained the top spot in Ireland the following two weeks. Kamikaze debuted sixth in France, fourth in Germany, tenth in Greece, eighth in Hungary, third in Poland, and fifteenth in Spain; after one week, it rose to second in Germany, and twelfth in Spain. On streaming music service Spotify, five tracks from Kamikaze were in the top 10 of the week of September 4, including the top two spots. At the iTunes Store, three songs were in the top ten and Kamikaze topped the album charts in the first week of release. The album had the fifth-strongest opening week for streaming in the United Kingdom with 30,000 equivalent units. "Lucky You" represents the first time that Eminem has topped the Streaming Songs Chart from Billboard. In 2018, Kamikaze was ranked as the 17th most popular album of the year on the Billboard 200, and by the end of the year Kamikaze had sold over 1,014,000 album-equivalent units in the US, with over 457,000 being pure sales. As of January 2019, Kamikaze has sold over 500,000 copies in pure sales, making it the only solo album of 2018 to do so. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, Kamikaze was the ninth best-selling album globally in 2018, with 1 million physical and digital copies sold. Controversy Throughout the album, lyrics criticize other musicians and several have responded publicly. Eminem and rapper Machine Gun Kelly have had an ongoing feud for several years, and Kelly released a diss track in response to "Not Alike" titled "Rap Devil" on September 3; both songs were produced by Ronny J. Kelly continued the feud at a concert, calling it "a battle between the past and the fucking future". The song's title refers to Eminem's "Rap God" and Eminem went into the studio days later to record his own response, as did former D12 associate Bizarre. Eminem responded with "Killshot" on September 14 and Bizarre's "Love Tap" was released on September 20. "Killshot" garnered 38.1 million streams on YouTube in its first 24 hours and over 80 million views in its first week, making it the most successful debut for a hip-hop song and the third-biggest debut in the platform's history. The track also debuted at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Eminem's 20th top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100. Kelly has continued the feud publicly. Ja Rule responded on social media, re-igniting a feud the two had 15 years prior. 6ix9ine, Iggy Azalea, Joe Budden, Die Antwoord, Lupe Fiasco, and Lord Jamar have also responded publicly, with the first releasing the skit "Legend" that raps over Eminem's "Lose Yourself". Artists including 50 Cent and Remy Ma have come out in support of Eminem. Musicians have criticized Eminem's use of the slur "faggot" to describe rapper Tyler, the Creator on the song "Fall", including Dan Reynolds of Imagine Dragons, calling the rapper's language "hateful", and Troye Sivan; additionally, guest vocalist Justin Vernon distanced himself from the collaboration due to the message. Critics have also objected to the slur, such as Mikelle Street of Billboard, who wrote, "Eminem needs to be held accountable for using homophobic slurs (again)," further adding, "the idea that listeners are too 'soft' for critiquing the ways in which rappers weaponize the identities of others against them ignores how hip-hop is a reflection and arbiter of culture." Matt Miller of Esquire relates his use of the term to previous homophobic lyrics and calls it the "biggest problem" of the album. The BBC's Jimmy Blake summed up the first week of objections to Eminem's language and questioned if it is time for him to retire. Eminem later apologized in his "Kamikaze Interview" with Sway Calloway posted to his website: "In my quest to hurt him, I realize I was hurting a lot of other people". In response to allegations that "Not Alike" sounds similar to Bhad Bhabie's "Hi Bich", Bhabie has responded that she takes the comparison as a compliment. She revised the lyrics of 15 to pay respect to Eminem.

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Kamikaze (Eminem) Album Songs

NoSong TitleTime
1.The Ringer 5:37
2.Greatest 3:46
3.Lucky You (feat. Joyner Lucas) 4:04
4.Paul (Skit) 0:35
5.Normal 3:42
6.Em Calls Paul (Skit) 0:49
7.Stepping Stone 5:09
8.Not Alike (feat. Royce Da 5'9") 4:48
9.Kamikaze 3:36
10.Fall 4:22
11.Nice Guy 2:30
12.Good Guy (feat. Jessie Reyez) 2:22
13.Venom (Music From The Motion Pictur... 4:29

Eminem - Kamikaze Album Comments

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Kamikaze [Eminem] Album Reviews

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- YES!

Eminem is back! Doing what he does best, Absolute legend, RIP D12

- God

The rap god has returned with the best album I’ve ever heard

- Old shady

Haven’t listened to em since his early days, awesome album

- Shady

Shady is Back...

- A masterpiece

After Revival’s undeserved criticism, Kamikaze was the perfect response to everyone who was criticising him while also forcing us to revisit his previous album and approach it with an open mind. Once you do, you’ll recognise the art for what it truly is. Though revival’s production was not great, the lyricism was the main thing and kamikaze coerces us to focus on that. Eminem has a right to express his opinion about what he thinks about artists. People saying he needs to “name drop” for clout, but they’ve been name dropping Eminem for clout, is he not allowed opinions? And we all know, when Eminem is angry, that is when he murders you lyrically in rage. The disses were necessary and an OG rapper shutting down mumble rappers was more than necessary. People had the audacity to trash a piece of great poetry like revival but listen to mumble rap. It’s insulting. So it’s no wonder eminem is angry. Everything from his flow switches, to his bars and sentence structures are beautiful in this album. He has brought rap back to its prime. Growing up in the game, a battle rapper, it seemed only natural. Who else missed Eminem ripping into MCs and killing them lyrically? I’m sure I did. Produced by Dr. Dre and Slim shady, it’s no wonder the production was better than revival. Eminem needs to steer well clear of Rick Rubin’s beats, they make his songs on revival somewhat unlistenable. You wanted Shady? You got him.

- Eminem voice venom in venom 2??

Venom bloody brilliant

- Legend

Love this music

- Too inconsistent

Lucky you is the best song on this but it’s saved by Joyner. If this wasn’t Eminem people would say this is trash

- Stop the hate on Marshall 😡

“He’s dead” “omg still at it” literally please SHUT UP! He’s still got it. Legends 👏 never 👏 die👏. This album is incredible and he’s truly shown mumble rappers who’s boss.

- 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥

🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥

- Eminem proves why he is the best in the game

Some fantastic tracks which show Eminem’s technical ability is better than any other artist out there. One of his best albums yet

- The reply

Ems goes back at everyone who talked badly about him, through his amazing lyricism. Top of the game.

- ☝🏾❤️

Greatness here

- The Greatest Ever

Eminem Is Back

- WOW

What an album

- Nice

Hearing Justin Vernon's voice on Fall immediately caught my attention, too good. Working my way through the rest of the album and like it a lot.

- Get em, em.

The comeback!

- Lyrical genius

Come on now it’s about time em got his props he is the greatest wordsmith hip hop has seen by a country mile

- A tour de force

He's back and he's blown every other rapper out the water. It doesn't get much better than this...

- 🔥Fire album idc what anyone else says

He’s back to his old self with no soft beats n dropping body’s when he speaks🔥 to the people who say it’s just a money grab, just have a think before you type -( it’s his profession to to make music to make himself money, buy the album deffo worth it 💯👊🏼

- Dead

Eminem washed up trash

- Best Since His Prime Years

The production and the lyrics are reminiscent of his MMLP days, couple tracks almost ruin it but a very good album still. Glad he went out on a nigh.

- Not a surprise

Don’t like it

- Classic Eminem

These albums just keep getting better!

- 🔥🔥

🔥🔥

- AMAZING😍😍😍

I love Eminem more than anything in the world and this album is the best. I love how he calls out every single rapper of this area and they do nothing 😊😊 EMINEM IS RAP GOD! 😍😍😍

- Shady's back!

G.O.A.T FACT

- Amazing

Heard Em for the first time at the age of 10, I’m now 28 years old and I’ve followed his entire career. Even went as far as to search out infinite and he is still on form here. People brought this album on themselves. The people who said revival was a bad album when in reality it was still better than most new stuff out these days are crazy. For those of you who gave revival a bad review you are idiots but at the same time thank you because this album wouldn’t exist without those reviews. Nobody does it better than Em, take your top 10 and top 5 and keep that because there is only 1 greatest rapper alive and he’s right here in this album.

- Yes

This reminds me of the Eminem I listed to 15/20 years ago. I love this album

- Tangus

Wicked album🔥🔥🔥

- Great album

I play this album on repeat on my drive to work and have four or five of the tracks completely memorised. Absolutely great.

- Great album

I literally love everything about it one song I don’t like but love all the others

- WTF

Tell 'me how you feel Em!

- Best album

Very good better than any other album I just wish that em didn't quit

- Bit better

Bit better than revival but not much.

- Amazing

Best album

- Awesome

Awesome, Eminem has always been a legend, this album is very good

- Amazing!!!

Theres loads to get excited about on this album! Eminem never fails to deliver and fills the gaps with exciting meaningful Music! And for those who bashed Revival, Believe and Arose especially are genius tracks.

- Praise Be

‘Ringer’ has got to be quite clearly the best rap lyrically and vocally recorded rap....... period. There is no one like Eminem when he is on his game. He maybe older but who cares, he can still rap and write some great stuff, my opinion he’s earned his right as a rapper to still be making albums if he has the material, and this album he sure has it!! Praise be Eminem!

- Rap God

Insane album, best true Rap album in ages. Eminem replying to the world and proving he’s the king when it comes to Rap. Lyrical genius.

- He is back!!!!!!!

Very good and I love it!!!

- Kamikaze! 💥🚅

OMG EMINEM YOU TOOK A JAB AT DISS TRACKS AND 99.9% NAILED IT! Rappers like Lil Pump Lil Yachty Lil Xan and Iggy Azalea will feel nervous upon listening to The Ringer. RIP MIGOS TYLER THE CREATOR AND THE GRAMMYS Fall is my favourite song from this album Lucky You is great Good reason for dissing MGK, though you should have made a deluxe when you released Kill shot as a separate single Em. Great album Em 👍 PS I didn’t think Revival was that bad tbh 🤷🏻‍♂️

- 🥰🥰

Love it love it love it Eminem is the best

- This album is lit

I enjoyed this album is fire still can’t stop listening to it cause it’s too good slim shady is back

- Best rapper ever

So talented! Not his best album but omg still current and undying talent

- Real slim

To all the people on here saying this is just noise or trash your obviously just to stupid cause your letting every line he says go over your head instead of getting what he’s saying loads of little nods to different things aswell as disses to other rappers here and it’s the start of slim coming back so unless your a fan of true real hip hop and not a fan of this abomination mumble rap then please clear off

- One of the best Eminem albums

Probably the best Eminem was he best Eminem album of the decade.

- Genius

Slim Shady at his best!

- BEST YET

Eminem is the best rapper ever

- Yawwwn

Been a massive fan of this guy since he first stepped on the scene, but the last few albums have gradually gotten worse. Gone are the days you could relate to his stuff, or laugh at the lyrics he dropped in here n there. This is just “shots fired” rambling/ making words rhyme for the sake of it, with the exception of 3/4 tracks. I’d happily take a refund and wouldn’t miss this album atall

- ☠️

He killed mumble rappers🔥🔥🔥

- 🔥🔥🔥

Don’t fck with the Rap God

- The Surprise of 2018

Artists use their music as a platform to communicate to their fans and express what’s in their mind. When Eminem shocked everyone for dropping this album, he successfully outdid himself by doing both. Congratulations, Em! ♥️

- EM IS BAAAACCCCK!!!

The G.O.A.T. 🐐

- Eminem shows how it’s done 🔥🔥🔥 🐐

Eminem shows how it’s done 🔥🔥🔥 🐐

- Em is 🔥🔥🔥

When a master shows how its done

- Em is back!!!

Rap God is back!!!

- 🔥🔥🔥🔥☄️

GOAT!!!!

- Rap God

Album of the year!!! 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥

- The rap god rises from the ashes!!!!

Every single track is good. 🎶🔥🔥

- G.O.A.T

Thank you eminem!

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Kamikaze Wiki

Kamikaze (神風, pronounced [kamiꜜkaze]; 'divine wind' or 'spirit wind'), officially Shinpū Tokubetsu Kōgekitai (神風特別攻撃隊, 'Divine Wind Special Attack Unit'), were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who flew suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, intending to destroy warships more effectively than with conventional air attacks. About 3,800 kamikaze pilots died during the war, and more than 7,000 naval personnel were killed by kamikaze attacks.Kamikaze aircraft were essentially pilot-guided explosive missiles, purpose-built or converted from conventional aircraft. Pilots would attempt to crash their aircraft into enemy ships in what was called a "body attack" (tai-atari) in aircraft loaded with bombs, torpedoes, and/or other explosives. About 19% of kamikaze attacks were successful. The Japanese considered the goal of damaging or sinking large numbers of Allied ships to be a just reason for suicide attacks; kamikaze was more accurate than conventional attacks, and often caused more damage. Some kamikazes were still able to hit their targets even after their aircraft had been crippled. The attacks began in October 1944, at a time when the war was looking increasingly bleak for the Japanese. They had lost several important battles, many of their best pilots had been killed, their aircraft were becoming outdated, and they had lost command of the air. Japan was losing pilots faster than it could train their replacements, and the nation's industrial capacity was diminishing relative to that of the Allies. These factors, along with Japan's unwillingness to surrender, led to the use of kamikaze tactics as Allied forces advanced towards the Japanese home islands. The tradition of death instead of defeat, capture, and shame was deeply entrenched in Japanese military culture; one of the primary values in the samurai life and the Bushido code was loyalty and honor until death. In addition to kamikazes, the Japanese military also used or made plans for non-aerial Japanese Special Attack Units, including those involving Kairyu (submarines), Kaiten (human torpedoes), Shinyo speedboats, and Fukuryu divers.

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